Definition Of Executive Compensation Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 17 Words: 5242 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? There is several type of executive compensation. Most compensation plan consists of stock option plans, short-term incentives or bonuses, perquisites, golden parachutes and long-term incentive plans. Firstly, Stock option plan is an incentive plan in which allow the executives to exercise or purchase stock in their company in the future (within a specific time frame) at or below the current market price. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Definition Of Executive Compensation Business Essay" essay for you Create order Secondly short-term incentives or bonuses is refer to the payment of bonuses reflects a managerial belief in their incentive value. Next, perquisites are referring to special benefits by a firm to a small group of key executives and designed to give the executives something extra. Furthermore, golden parachute contract is a perquisite that uses to protect executives when their company is being takeover or the executive is forced to leave the firm for other reasons. 1.2 Usage of Executive Compensation for a growth company The reason of executive compensation for a growth company is because the skills possessed by company executive largely determine whether a company will earn profit, survive, or fail. Therefore, a companys program for compensating executives is a critical factor in attracting and retaining key employees. In general, the higher the managerial position, the more difficult it is to define job tasks. The description focus on the anticipated results rather than tasks or how the work is accomplished. Thus, market pricing may be the best general approach to use in determining executive compensation. 1.3 The evolution of for executive compensation Pitfall of the economic results the enhancement of a strong public resentment of overabundant bonuses for companies.ÂÂ   In light of, the financial crisis will occur is due to the failure of the company to take account on the risk management before setting up the executive compensation packages. Besides that, the strict disclosure requirement impose by the Government regulators showing there is an international trend toward greater regulation of executive compensation practices.ÂÂ  Furthermore, the governance guidelines and say on pay requirements which established by shareholder advisors will normally increased the shareholder engagement in the process.ÂÂ   It shows that the accountability for directors and compensation committees is being heightened in the setting of the compensation strategies for their companies. Moreover, the new guidelines make evolvement on executive compensation practices, and yet the first principles of executive compensation continue to be the same: to attract, motivate and retain the top talent.ÂÂ  Referring to the regulators, the design of the executive compensation will be satisfied when it met those first principles and depend on the minimising the risk of the business. Likewise, fail to plan on the tax structure will indicate undesired tax treatment for the executive as it did not satisfying those principles and normally it will indicate substantial costs to the company which compensating the tax burdens from the executive compensation. At here, our aim to investigate the study on Executive Compensation is to help analysing the effects of the executive compensation package and then proposing a suitable Executive compensation plan to the research company to ensure a significant improvement on the performance and the growth of the company. Journal of Executive Compensation Trends for 2009: Balancing Risk, Performance and Pay are to study about the relationship between Drop in stock price and changes to e xecutive compensation programs. This research used the survey data from 200 largest companies (by market capitalization) of the SP 500 Index is to study the market capitalisation, revenue and industry classification. From the research, we found that the data shows the one half of all companies reduced executive salaries by 6 percent, froze salaries by 7 percent; eliminate merit increases by 49 percent. Besides, it also indicate changes to STI Plan by 25 percent, changes to LTI Plan by 39 percent, and changes to severance, perquisites or retirement plans 15 percent. As a result, there has been a shift away from long term incentives and more focus on short term incentive plans. It shows that they much more focus on short-term cash flow, the reliance on the restricted stock which is not performance based. Journal of Determinants of CEO Cash Compensation In Small, Young, Fast Growing Firm is the study about the relationship of the Growth of the Company and the executive compensation. This research used a survey sample of relatively small, young, and fast-growing firms we begin with the 1999 Compustat active research file. In the research, the authors try to eliminate the undesired constraint data for them to focus on the desired information. The survey data shows that CEOs compensation is affect by few factors like founder, market to book, and financial leverage. From the firm aspect, the founder CEO is more likely to have stayed beyond his or her useful tenure when the firm is large, more mature; selling many products is many industries and geographical markets while founder CEO for small, young and growing firms have not yet established a significant record of performance and find it more difficult to negotiate a greater cash salary. From the research, we found that there is a significant relationship and directly effects between executive compensation and the size of the company. However, the founder have negatively related to the compensation, where the fou nder of the firm willing to accept lower compensation to be CEO. For the market to book is positively related to CEO compensation if the firm is consistent relatively high growth , then compensation will be highly compensate to CEO for bearing greater employment and equity risk. Another factors that affect the CEO compensation was the firm financial leverage which have negatively related when the firm facing the financial problems the CEO compensation will reduced as well. Journal of Compensation, Reward and Retention Practices in Fast Growth Companies is the study about the relationship between the Growth of the companies and the CEO cash compensation. This research data is collected through the interview with the CEOS and Others executives of fast growth organization. This research is about the how and why of talent management during challenging times. From the research we found that a group of companies in the United States evolved their compensation, reward and retention prac tices and the executive leaders are willing and able to make changes to adapt to different challenges and opportunities as they move from startup to sustained growth. Besides, a strong startup hiring strategy of stock option and signing bonuses did not have retention valve, did not necessarily relate to an individuals valve and didnt reward or retain high performing key talent who possess the companys core competencies for the sustainable longer term. However, talent retention is critical importance for fast growth companies. The research result shows that fast growth companies are linking messages communication involves not only updates on the companys performance but also show how people can influence it and gain from it as well as how an individual is doing besides, the companys competitive base pay was set according to standard and fair system. Furthermore, most of the companies were pay above market for their key talent as they want to retain the high performance top talent whi ch able to ensure the stability of the company growth and performance. Journal of Executive Compensation and Business Policy Choices at U.S. Commercial Banks are the study about the relationship between the corporate risk taking to be controlled and the proper incentives into executive compensation contracts. This research used the survey data based on the intersection of the ExecuComp database and the Federal Reserve Y9C database and a relatively small number observation on the databases. From the research, we found that there is a strongly infer that the banks business policy choices and risk profiles are influenced by CEO wealth incentives. Besides, CEO with high pay-performance incentives tends to expand investment in lower risk activities. It shows that executive compensation will increase as they are able to help in the growth of his organisation. By doing so, it is an advantage for the organisation to control the performance and the compensation of the executive, and this will help in minimising the risk profile of the organisation. So executives had to take more responsibility for the risk-taking incentive given. In contrast, some executives may try getting the other income from non-traditional activities. However, U.S. government intervention will cause to limit the risk-taking incentives in the executive compensation contracts especially financial executive. Journal of Executive pay and firm size in the presence of career concerns and labour market competition is the study about the relationship among the firm size, labour market equilibrium and the executive compensation. This research used survey data from combine sample of SP 500 firms for the period 1992, and SP 1500 firms over the period 1993-2007 and observation from SP 1500 firm over the period 1993-2006. From the research, the empirical results shows that the CEO effort due to the incentives is highly statistically and economically significant which indicate that a lack of empirical sup port for the talent assignment models. Besides, it also indicated that the productivity of CEO is extremely sensitive to share price volatility depend on the scale of elasticity. Furthermore, it was determining the executive will not be penalised when during business crisis. The study was that executive compensation will not be affected since the enterprise is depending on the control of the executive. Journal of Say on Pay Votes and CEO Compensation: Evidence from the UK is to study about the relationship of pay determinants of executive and CEOs compensation. This research is using survey from UK institutional investors, research design and statistics. From the research, we found that say on pay votes had an effect on CEO pay practices. However, the say on pay regime will deter the innovation in compensation practices and result in a one-size-fits-all approach. Besides, it also shows excess CEO pay will cause increase in the sensitivity of CEO pay and lead to poor performance. From the study, there is insufficient evidence to prove that changes in the level and growth rate of Executive pay, after controlling for firm performance and other determinants of executive pay. Journal of Chief executive Compensation and company performance: a weak relationship or measurement weakness is the study about the relationship between the company performance and the executive compensation. This research used empirical test and survey data to test on the prolong growth in the executive compensation. The research data determining the measurement of the dependent chief executive compensation variable used in quantitative studies and investigate the correlation between pay and performance. From the research result, there is a significant positive coefficient for both cash and total compensation Conyon et al. (2001). However, the long-term incentives are less significant and report a much larger positive coefficient. Besides, there is a significant correlation between bot h short-term and long-term pay and company performance McKnight et al. (2000). However, basic pay is predominantly determined by company size. As a result, total compensation is depending on the cash compensation, long term incentives measure and the company size, performance and growth. Journal of Determinants of CEO Compensation Empirical Evidence from Pakistani Listed Companies is to study about the relationship between the reward system and the CEO compensation. This research is used statistical test and survey sample from the KSE listed companies which had been comprised into 114 listed companies for the period of 2002-2006. In addition, it eliminates the data of financial companies and the other companies for which the data could not be found. From the research data, we found that the firm size, performance, market risk, power, tenure, CEO ownership, and firm growth have been used to determine the compensation of executive. The research result shows a strong relationship b etween the firm size and CEO compensation. Besides, CEO compensation was more closely related to size of the firm when measured by sales and less related to profits- Robert (1959) and McGuire colleagues (1962). Furthermore, firms profitability was positively related to CEO compensation, even ROE was unrelated to the salary but it positively related to the bonuses. (Finkelstein, Hambrick 1989; Deckop 1988). Agency theory literature also shows that power balance between executives and shareholders determine the CEO pay. In brief, the executive compensation is determined by more than one factor as it will provide broader view of the aspect to set executive compensation. Journal of The Determinants of the Relationship between Top Executive Stock-Based Compensation and Performance Measures is to study about the relationship between the CEOs stock-based remuneration and organizational performance. This research used survey sample and empirical model to test on the top executive remun eration. The research data shows four corporate characteristics (growth opportunity, size, risk and financial leverage) that will affect the top executive stock based remuneration. The research result shows that, CEOs stock based compensation will be relatively (1) more sensitive to the market performance as compare to accounting performance of larger growth companies. (2) less sensitive to market performance and accounting performance, the larger the size of the corporation. (3) less sensitive to market performance, as compared to accounting performance, the greater the risk of the corporation. (4) less sensitive to market performance, as compared to accounting performance, the larger the leverage ratio of the corporation. In brief, the results show that when the environment is more uncertain, the firm would decrease the linkage between the CEOs stock-based compensation and external performance measures, such as market performance which replace it with the internal performance meas ures such as accounting performance. In addition, when the financial leverage is higher, the firm would require a decreasing of the agency cost of debt and thus strengthen the sensitivity of the level of the CEOs stock-based compensation with the accounting performances measure as the mechanism of pre-commitment. Journal of the CEO compensation, Director Compensation, and Firm Performance: Evidence of Cronyism is the study about the relationship of a weak corporate governance structure, excessive CEO compensation, and poor firm performance to the excessive director compensation. This research used survey data from standard and poors Execucomp and COMPUSTAT data sets and hand-collected data. Besides, statistical and empirical test are used to test on the compensation variables. The research data shows that there is a positive relation between CEO and director compensation could exist if the firm is large and complex, and this complexity affects the skill and efforts require by bot h parties. Besides, director compensation expect to be positively related to the need for firm monitoring and the difficulty of the directors tasks, which we assume are related to firm complexity and risk. From the statistical test, there is a strong positive correlation between the compensation of CEOs and directors. While some of the positive correlation between CEO and director compensation is push by the values of shares as it shows a positive correlation (0.472) between the directors annual fee and total pay of CEO. The research result shows that there is a substantial positive relationship between CEO and director compensation. Besides, the result showing overcompensation of the director and CEO is related to the underperformance. Nevertheless, perhaps there are evidences of cronyism showing a positive relationship between CEO and director compensation, then the relationship between the performance of organization and extravagant compensation will be negative. 3.0 Case development The company that was chosen by our group is Occidental Petroleum Corporation. 3.1 Description of Occidental Petroleum Corporation Our research company is the Occidental Petroleum Corporation (Oxy). It is founded in 1920 and it is the one of the largest U.S. Oil and Gas Company (with the fourth rank). It business is focus on the exploration and production of oil and Natural gas mainly on United States, the Middle East and Latin America, besides that it also providing comprehensive power marketing and sales in the international market. Furthermore, it also invest into the research and development on the Petrochemical which are the chemical products derived from petroleum. Oxy had adopted a standard of Human Resource Practices, which allow them to maintain their company vision and organizational commitment toward the continuous improving process. Oxy are very respect and considerations on the career opportunity and growth for their employees as they had their own Health, Environment, Safety (HES) management systems. It tries to engage, develop and retain all those talented individuals for their business. They take pride as a responsible employer which will offer better working environments in term of comfortable and safety and giving respect to their employees. Besides, they treat the communities fairly and give equal job opportunity without bias of stereotyping or discriminating. Furthermore, it also provide insight training and development opportunity depend on the needs of the employees career path. Moreover, Oxy also adopt ongoing workforce planning initiatives to ensure the right policies, procedure and programs taken place to facilitate the workforce-HES policies. In addition, HES system is to ensure the good communication among the personnel as they are entitle to responsible for the Oxys HES performance and the communities thus Oxy is creating a positive organizational culture that with the belief of Better Health, Better Environment, Safety (HES) and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). 3.1.1 Product of Oxy Occidental Oil and Gas Oil and natural gas exploration and production are Oxys Core business which engages in U.S., Middle East/North Africa and Latin America. With the advance technology, Oxy had leaded its oil and natural gas market. Besides, it has made continuously improvement on their strategy and tactic of their business such as focus exploration or strategic acquisition to growth their business. Midstream, Marketing and Other While, trading and merchant exchange are the intermediate business of Oxy. They focus on Midstream, Marketing and Other segment which implemented through marketing process to markets their production of oil, natural gas, CO2 and energy. In addition, it also trades around its assets, commodities and securities such as pipeline and storage capacity. OxyChem It sub-business (OxyChem) also leading the market of Petrochemical product in North American. The product create are polyvinyl chloride resins, chlorineÂÂ  and caustic soda.ÂÂ  Besides it also invest in develop and manufacturing plastics, pharmaceuticals and water treatment chemicals. 3.2 Human Resource Practices in Occidental Petroleum Corporation 3.2.1 Comparison of compensation to Oxy Chief Executive between year 2008 and 2009 and the performance of Oxy in year 2009 The Chief Executive for Occidental Petroleum Corporation (Oxy) is Mr Ray R. Irani. The compensation package for the chief executive includes salary, bonus, perks, and stock. In year 2008, the salary is $ 1,300,000; however it was decease in year 2009 which is $1,170,000. While the bonus in year 2008 is $ 3,630,000 and it increase in year 2009 which is $ 3,752,550. Next, the perks receive by Mr Ray R.Irani is decrease from year 2008 to 2009 with $1,849,627 to $ 1,719,979. Lastly, the stock receive by him is increase if compare with year 2008 and year 2009, which is $15,747,997 in year 2008 and $24,758,827 in year 2009. The total change in compensation is 39% from year 2008 to year 2009. The total return for the company in year 2009 is 38% and its revenue is $15,531(mil). 3.2.2 Implementation of executive compensation in Oxy 3.2.2.1 Compensation Committee in Oxy Human Resource Committee which is known as Compensation Committee. Who analyse, give recommend and report the compensation plan and other pay-based plan to the Board and the BOD. They must follow the rule and regulation under their duties, responsibilities and authority that stated in the charter. There are several purpose for the compensation Committee in Oxy. Firstly, the compensation committee need to make review and approve on the organisational goals to the Corporations Chairman and CEOs compensation. Besides, the compensation committee have to make evaluation and make consultation with the Lead Independent Director about the CEOs performance. In fact, those objectives will be determined and approved the CEOs compensation level based on the evaluation. Secondly, recommendations will be made by the compensation committee to the Board regarding the incentive-compensation plans and equity-based plans for executive compensation. Besides, the Securities and Exchange Commission required the compensation committee to produce the report on executive compensation and it will be included in the Corporations annual report. Next, they also had to govern the stock-based compensation plans of their organisation, including several stock-based plans which are adopted by the Board from time to time. Duties and Responsibility of the Compensation Committee The duties of the Compensation committee are to set annual and long-term performance goals for the CEO evaluate. The Lead Independent Director had the authority to determine and approve the CEOs compensation based on the evaluation as long as the CEOs performance did not contrast with the goals and performance of the organisation. Besides annual salaries, bonuses and other executive benefits of will be review by the compensation committee. Next, they also need to govern the stock-based compensation plans of the Corporation, including the 1987 Stock Option Plan, the 1995 Incentive Stock Plan, and the 1996 Restricted Stock Plan for Non-Employee Directors, the 2001 Incentive Compensation Plan and any other stock-based plan adopted by the Board from time to time. In order to assure the purposes of the Plans are met, periodically review must be implemented to the performance of the Plans and their rules and make any necessary revisions. Furthermore, new executive compensation prog rams must be review on a periodically basis. While the operation of the Corporations executive compensation programs to determine and check whether the executive performance, and periodically review policies for the administration of executive compensation, including management perquisites are coordinated and reasonably related. With the Compensation Committee, the corporation can have a well practice on executive compensation. 3.2.2.2 Shareholders in Oxy to have input on executive compensation On January 2009, Oxy has censured for the outsized pay of its chief executive, Ray R. Irani, has agreed to give shareholders a limited voice in deciding how much the Los Angeles oil company pays its top executives. From the decision of the companys board of directors, the shareholders will have a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation based on the implemented say-on-pay policy. The new policy will go into effect at the companys 2010 during annual general meeting (AGM). The approval of the policy by the Board made a group of corporate activists agreed to drop a say-on-pay proposal and planned to present the AGM this year. While, similar proposals received significant support at OXYs 2007 and 2008 AGM but failed to pass. The Chief Executive Ray R Irani has been argued that the shareholders should give more power to rein in about the excessive pay. From the research, we found that the effects of executive compensation affect the company and the entire ways of m anagement business and also the create impact for the society. The executive compensation plan of the organisation that design for the Executive is normally use to motivate the executive to put more effort to manage the organisation well in term of the company performances, company growth and company image. However, the failure planning of executive compensation will cause some implied problems as which will affect the overall business operation and also to the society. Extravagant of the remuneration package created by the board of director will contribute to free agent mentality as in the organisational culture. This free agent mentality will try separating the union and the cohesiveness among the top executives. It creates rivalry between the CEOs and a lack of long term commitment and vision. It shows that there is a weak correlation between the organisation performance and the executive pay package which is extravagant. Personal gain and self-interest of CEO is norm ally happen in many organisations which will cause the performance and the growth of company decline. Normally, the Top executive will try to hidden the loss of the investment and business and create a false profit statements of the company account and undertake the unethical accounting methods which creating a false picture of the company profitability. The top CEO will ever do this due to ensuring the stability of his position as the top CEO and remaining his benefit which allow him to exaggerate or grab more personal profit in the ways that abiding the constitution and company policy. Excessive executive compensation will cause the top executive to misuse his authority to influence and manipulate the followers to help him to do some unethical activities such as controlling the value of the organisations stock. It shows that the conflict of interest of the top executive will create a low organisation performance and low organisational growth, besides it will also create a negat ive organisational culture such as a low performance norm and unethical behaviour norms inside the organisation. From the above statements, this will impliedly affect the company shareholders and also other stakeholders. As they do know nothing whatever the top CEO is doing which had been covered up. From the perspective of the Board, there is a threat for them if the top executives or CEOs try to manipulating the stock value and the entitle amount of the shares that the CEOs had. (For public limited company) the CEOs may hold the enormous shares if there is nothing stated for limitation of entitling the amount of share in the company policy where which will causing changing in the board, or takeover or even amalgamation of actions to another rivals (competitors of the company) as due to personal interest of the CEOs or top executives. Instead of the shareholders benefits, the top executive had to considering the welfare of the other stakeholders such as companys employees. The bigger gaps between the welfare of the employees will indicate negative effect on the employee morale and turnover. It shows that profit sharing among the personnel will indicate desire solution to solve this problem. So narrow down the gaps or setting a balance and fair remuneration package among the pay of personnel and CEO will enhance the cohesiveness norms in the organisation. In the economy point of view, as the excessive executive compensation offered, the top executive will try to retain their benefit and try to avoiding the taxes of the government. Besides, the top executive may only considering his personal interest instead of the other stakeholders. This will cause loss of economy efficiency for the community in a country. From the studies, it shows that the executive compensation making changes in the scope of business and the society. As we can see, the rightful executive compensation package will indicate a good performance for a company, whereas unrightfull y executive compensation package will create undesired problematic issues, such as ethical problems. In addition, these problems cause changes in the constitution or legislation as the ways to prevent or as a means to judge based on the acts of the top CEOs. 3.2.3 Advantages and Disadvantages on the OXY Human Resource Practices There are committee known as Executive Compensation and Human Resources Committee (also call as Compensation Committee) in Occidental Petroleum Corporation. This committee was controlling and holding the job of doing research about the compensation amount, the compensation plan and writing reports for the Corporations annual proxy statement or annual report. This compensation committee who in charge of all executive officers of the Corporation do reviews then approve the annual salaries, bonuses and other executive benefits of them. All the compensation of each individual in the corporation was approved by the committee. To evaluate CEO performance, the compensation committee do set an annual and long-term performance goals for the CEO, the evaluation will do with the Lead Independent Director. In the same time, make some recommendations to the Board with respect to incentive-compensation plans and equity-based plans. Besides that, compensation committee will oversee the stock-b ased compensation plans of the Corporation from time to time, and also make sure that the special rewards are attained only by exceptional performance. An annual and long-term performance goal will be set by the compensation committee to the CEO to evaluate their performance. Based on this practice, we can found out that performance of the CEO is it match to their target, is it the performance of the CEO match with the amount of compensation awarded. But it brings some disadvantages. Due to the pressure by the goal, CEO may put too much of pressure to their followers, may leads to bad impression and anxiety on the followers, followers loyalty decline. Secondly, the compensation committee will make recommendation regarding to the incentive-compensation plans and equity-based plans. There are advantages like enable to find out new and more effective ways to compensate, to motivate employees, besides, by using new incentive-compensation plans and equity-based plans employee will get updated pays, with that, could find out the most suitable plan for employee. But a fault recommendation implement will leads to losses of corporation or dissatisfied of changes by the employees. 4.0 Recommendation Suggestion for executive compensation 4.1 Recommendation of executive compensation based on disadvantage 4.2 Suggestion for executive compensation There are several suggestions for company wish to implement executive compensation. First of all, the company can select an appropriate peer group for compensation benchmarking. Many companies set pay levels relative to a chosen comparator group of industry peers. The most important aspect of peer group benchmarking is to ensure the company have their peer group rights. Once they are certain of this, the practices will be very effective. In fact, the executive compensation tends to be more highly correlated with combinations of two or more company size and performance measures, such as market capitalization and annual revenue than with any single measure. The comparator group selection rules should also ensure, wherever possible, that the company under review is roughly in the middle of its peer group on these size and performance measures. Secondly, the company may set stretching performance goals for variable Compensation. Aspiring goals for setting a good executive compens ation package is intended by most high-performing companies such as the reward system. Rewarding system for this compensation package should be considered carefully to ensure the performance of the corporate and the welfare of the executive. The company is suggested to clarify the portion of variable pay to the executive as they are able to get what they want in return of the performance for them to achieve the prosperity of the organisation. Besides, the setting of the executive compensation goals must be SMART as it must be specific enough, measurable, achievable, reasonable and timely. Therefore, SWOT analysis for the compensation plan must be analysed prudently enough such as making survey on the latest market compensation, the trend of the compensation for a specific nation. In addition, the executive compensation plan must also generate a return on investment. Thirdly, we suggest that several ideas based on the effect of the CEO compensation. A profit sharing may give to th e CEO which can ensure the cohesiveness between the CEOs. Thus, this will ensure long term organisational commitment and prosperity. Besides that, the company my adopt audition system which similar to the companys compensation committee. Whereby giving right for internal or external auditor to audit the executive compensation plan and the other factors such as the statement of profitability, organisational ethic, and corporate governance. On the other hand, the company is suggested adding the Policy in the Memorandum and Article of Association about the limited amount of shares and rights given to the top executives. Whereby the company are able allow to manipulate the variable compensation plan within a desired range without being extravagant or undercompensated. Lastly, the compensation plan must be distributed equally and fair to the employees and the top executives. Being consider that, the system of diversity and equal opportunity of the human resource practices must be followe d and be scheduled. So that it will minimise the grievances and the lawsuit on the human resource practices. Therefore a better performance appraisal system is needed to make adjustment on the pay depend on the performance, skills, core competency on every executives and employees.

ISS315 spring 2012 - 1932 Words

ISS 315 GLOBAL DIVERSITY AND INTERDEPENDENCE Spring, 2012: Exam 1(Form A) IMPORTANT: This exam is the property of Center for Integrative Studies at Michigan State University. Reproduction and sale of this exam in any form is prohibited. Name: ____________________________________________ Student Number: __________________________________ Lectures Political economy and classical theories 1. Influence of politics on economics and vice versa is a definition of: A. Economics B. Politics C. Political economy D. None of the above 2. Which one of the following statements is true about classic mercantilism? A. Economy should serve the political state by maximizing its wealth and power B. Economy should†¦show more content†¦Industrialization does not have any impact on migration D. It varies from country to country 23. Japan, USA, Norway, South Korea, and Netherlands went through the same process of industrialization, urbanization, and modernization. Why are these countries so different from one another? A. Because of cultural differences B. Because of religious differences C. Because of environmental differences D. All of the above World Systems Perspective 24. Which one of the following theorists said that â€Å"foundations of dependency were laid down during 19th century Europe†? A. Karl Marx B. A.G. Frank C. Adam Smith D. Moore 25. Which one of the following nations is Capital intensive? A. France B. China C. India D. Bangladesh 26. Rwanda is a poor nation. Which one of the following reasons of under-development of Rwanda refers to Chase-Dunn? A. Colonialism B. Wars imposed by core nations C. Local environmental and social reason D. All of the above 27. According to Robert Cox, global financial organizations give out loans to poor countries. What is the real goal of these financial policies? A. Help the poor countries in their development B. Help the elites of those countries C. Help their own nations D. All of the above 28. Which one of the following characteristics refers to periphery nations? A. Urban B. Politically powerful C. Poor economy D. Stable governments 29. You watched a video on Wallenstein.

Conduct Unbecoming Free Essays

â€Å"Conduct unbecoming† is a punishment that is only for Commissioned OFFICERS – not for enlisted soldiers. Article 84 is regarding unlawful enlistment†¦ and therefore not applicable to this situation. Article 15 is the article that allows for non-judicial punishment – it is NOT something you can be charged with. We will write a custom essay sample on Conduct Unbecoming or any similar topic only for you Order Now Article 91: Insubordinate conduct toward a non-commissioned officer (you failed to obey the order). Article 92: Failure to Obey a Lawful Order (he ordered you to tell the truth, and you didn’t). Article 107: False Official Statements (told a lie when asked). Article 134: Disloyal Statements (prejudicial to the good order and discipline) Article 134: False Swearing (you took an oath and then lied) Article 134: Obstructing Justice (you lied to hide wrongdoing) The max punishments you can be hit with are as follows (in the same order!! ) Article 91: BCD, 1 year confinement, forfeiture of all pay and allowances (willfully disobeying an NCO’s order), BCD, 6 month confinement, forfeiture of all pay and allowances (for showing contempt to the NCO) Article 92: Dishonorable discharge, 2 years confinement, forfeiture of all pay and allowances (if the situation involved a general order). BCD 6 month confinement, forfeiture of all pay and allowances (for the failure to tell the NCO the truth). Article 107: 5 years confinement, forfeiture of all pay and allowances. Article 134 (statements): 3 years confinement, forfeiture of all pay and allowances. Article 134 (swearing): Dishonorable Discharge, 3 year confinement, forfeiture of all pay and allowances. Article 134 (obstructing): Dishonorable Discharge, 5 year confinement, forfeiture of all pay and allowances. And it depends entirely upon what it was that you are being accused of lying about and the Commander. If it was important, or really impacted Good Order and Discipline, you’ll be charged with the maximum number of charges. If it is bad enough situation to warrant an Article 15 you are going to get hit with a Field Grade Article 15. For this, the max damage is no more than 30 days of correctional custody, 45 days of extra duty, 45 days of restriction (it can be 60 days, but extra duty and restriction must be the same amount), loss of TWO pay grades, and loss of half your pay for two months. How to cite Conduct Unbecoming, Papers

Child and Man free essay sample

Understanding the meaning of the child is father of the man The proverb means that the conduct of a child indicates what kind of man he will be in his future life. It is said that childhood shows the man as morning shows the day. If the morning is fair, the day is expected to be fair. If the child shows signs of good character it is expected that he will be a good man in future. Habits of childhood form the character of the grown-up man. Of course, education and environment have some influence in shaping a man’s character; but they do not entirely change his natural bent of mind. It is, therefore, very important to watch the natural bent of mind of a child. If it is good, it should be allowed to grow properly in the right way. Sometimes a child shows a natural bent of science. We will write a custom essay sample on Child and Man or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If he is properly directed, he will in future be a successful man of science. Hence career masters now test the aptitude of a child so that he may be correctly guided and have a successful career in life. Again as the conduct of a child greatly shapes the character of a grown-up man, it should be the duty of the parents to see that a child acquires no bad habit. It is very difficult to shake off the habits of childhood. A child has got a very impressionable mind. Good or bad, as it may be, that impression last long. A child should therefore be brought up in good environment. He should not be allowed to mix with evil company. He wrote it with regard to the experiences of the three stages of development in a man’s life- childhood, youth, and old age. It was Wordsworth’s observation that what we experience as children makes us the people we are when we are older. Childhood is the most critical and important part in a person’s development. The Jesuits used to believe that the first seven years of a person’s life are his most absorbing years. If the right seeds are sown in these seven years the harvest would be predetermined. By the time a child reaches the age of seven, his character is largely set and he begins to show glimpses of the man he is going to be. A child is spontaneous and unselfish in sharing his love and it is this that makes the transition to full adulthood achievable. Yet the intermittent chapter of adolescence often sees the tendency of the love to be overshadowed by the swift augmentation of the adolescent intellect, and this imbalance of mind and heart often is the reason for the pains of adolescence. However the qualities of the adult that eventually surface in us are a large reflection of our earliest, unselfish, outwardly reaching love which is later fortified by our knowledge and experience. The child is the seed from which will grow forth the adult man. There are other contexts in which this quotation is used. It can also mean that we try to teach our children all that we have learned but somewhere down the line our children teach us things that we have forgotten. They teach us to smile, to laugh, to love and to forgive; simple spontaneous things that we have forgotten leading our busy lives. Another line of thought is that today’s children will be the fathers of tomorrow’s men. What we inculcate in our children’s minds today will be passed onto the future generations. A handful of today’s youngsters will be presidents, inventors, philosophers, scientists and they will rule the world. This lot will make decisions that affect the lives of generations yet to come and they will be called the â€Å"fathers of men†. The flip side of this quotation is that a man’s children are often his Achilles heel. While he may not bow to anyone else, often in the face of persuasion from his children, he will succumb leading one to believe that the child is the father of man. Yet another flip side to this quotation is that when man grows old he begins to behave like a child. He wants to do things that the doctor hasn’t prescribed, he craves attention and often throws up tantrums like an infant making one believe that truly child is the father of man. There are some who believe that there is a karmic intonation in this quotation. What we do in our present lives affects our future lives. Child represents our present and man represents our future lives. So the conclusion is drawn that child is the father of man meaning our present creates our future. Child Is the Father of Man This paradoxical line of Wordsworth expresses a profound truth. It means that all the qualities, mental, moral and physical, which will be found in the future man are potentially present in the child. Just as the future tree pre ­exists in the sprout, the future man pre-exists in the child. Childhood is the most impressionable period of a mans life. It is a period when his essential character is being shaped. The qualities which a child inherits from his parents, combined with those which he develops as a result of his upbringing, begin to manifest themselves in the early years. Bearing this fact in mind, parents and teachers should try to mould the character of children, taking care of their health and surrounding them with good influences. According to modern psychology, the experiences of childhood have a lasting influence. Some of these experiences lie buried in the deeper mind of the grown-up man and influence his behaviour without his knowledge. Several examples bear out the truth of the remark that the child is father of the man. Napoleon as a boy was fond of building forts of snow and storming or defending them, thus foreshadowing his later remarkable achievement as a General. When Nelson was a child he was once asked if he had no fear. He replied Fear! What is it? I never knew fear. This child was destined to become the courageous hero of Trafalgar. Shivaji as a boy showed a keen interest in politics and was fond of hearing stories from the Indian epics. Macaulay who is famous for his astonishing memory read a lot even as a schoolboy, and remembered all that he had read. That is why in his writings he frequently uses the expression As every school boy knows-which makes us uneasy because we do not know what this schoolboy knows. There are, of course, exceptions. Some men of genius do not seem to have given early indications of their future greatness. Many English poets like Wordsworth and Shelley were pronounced dunces at school.

Clil Essay Example

Clil Essay CONTENT INTRODUCTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 1. What is CLIL? . 5 2. Five dimensions for introducing CLIL†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6 3. Benefits of CLIL†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 4. History of CLIL†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 5. CLIL’S situation in Lithuania†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 12 6. The research of CLILà ¢â‚¬â„¢S successfulness in tertiary level†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 13 7. Perspectives of CLIL†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 15 CONCLUSION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 17 LITERATURE INTRODUCTION CLIL Content and Language Integrated Learning is a part of European Commission Multilingualism, Foreign Language teaching projects. During the CLIL program, teachers educate pupils’ with curricular subjects through communicative foreign language teaching. In CLIL teachers and learners, of content subjects, use a foreign or second language as the medium of communication and instruction. CLIL is widely seen as an excellent means of learning a language, and introducing international aspects into the teaching of content subjects. CLIL methodologies and theories have been taken up from the North (Sweden) to South (Spain) of the European Union and even in to Asia, Africa and South America. This program has been established decades ago in Europe, but in Lithuania CLIL it is still a kind of a novelty. The aim of this course project is to get acquainted with CLIL’S basic definitions, theories and history. We will write a custom essay sample on Clil specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Clil specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Clil specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Meanwhile the objectives are to investigate the status of CLIL in Lithuania and to forecast it’s perspectives in science teaching. 1. WHAT IS CLIL? CLIL is Content and Language Integrated Learning. It is a learning approach that enables the study of another curricular subject through the medium of a foreign language. CLIL is the particular focus on a spectrum of cross-curricular teaching of languages that is currently receiving increased attention, as researchers and practitioners work to develop a place for it in mainstream education, as opposed to experimental project-based settings. 1] CLIL refers to situations where subjects, or parts of subjects, are taught through a foreign language with dual-focused aims, namely the learning of content, and the simultaneous learning of a foreign language. [1] This approach involves learning subjects such as history, geography or others, through an additional language. It can be very successful in enhancing the learning of languages and other subjects, and developing in the youngsters a positive ‘can do’ attitude towards themselves as language learners. Marsh, 2000) The subject can be entirely unrelated to language learning. For example: History lessons being taught in English in a school in Spain. CLIL is frequently viewed as an extension of communicative language teaching, with more emphasis on pupils activity, clear goal orientation and explicit on content-specific, real-world connections. This is much more different from contexts where subject teachers are teaching their content through the medium of a foreign language . The guiding principle for the latter is predominantly the meeting of the demands of the content curriculum. 2] The term CLIL was launched in 1994 by some of the Consortium experts as an educational solution for meeting certain challenges associated with language learning in Europe. Since then it has spread exponentially across the continent. Since 2000, there has also been uptake o f CLIL methodologies in Asia, Africa and South America to either boost levels of language learning, or solve problems associates with the use of â€Å"foreign† languages as medium instruction. Globally, educational systems strive to achieve results which re always culturally and context-specific. Global uptake of CLIL has resulted in a range of different models being designed and implemented. [3] Gisella Lange points out the year 1997 as the starting point of CLIL in Europe, the essence of which was the shift from â€Å"teaching o foreign language to a foreign language as a medium instructionâ€Å". The reasons behind this shift were: †¢ to offer a new methodological approach ; †¢ to improve quality in language teaching; †¢ to increase exposure to language learning; †¢ to guarantee a European perspective. CLIL is a truly European topic , spanning the continent geographically from the North (Sweden) to the South(Spain)What is true of most educational issues also applies to CLIL is that it comes in a wide range of shapes and sizes. [4] 2. FIVE DIMENSIONS FOR INTRODUCING CLIL According to the research published in 2001 (MARSH, Majlers and Hartiala: Profiling European CLIL Classrooms-Languages Open Doors) [5]) there are five dimensions or reasons for introducing CLIL in schools and universities in order to strengthen the teaching and learning at these institutions. Five dimensions of CLIL: 1. Culture Dimension –CULTIX, emphasizes the importance to build intercultural knowledge and understanding; to develop intercultural communication skills; to learn about specific neighboring countries/regions and minority groups; to introduce the wider cultural context. 2. Environment Dimension – ENTIX, is to prepare for internationalism, specifically European union integration; access International Certification, enhance school profile. 3. Language Dimension – LANTIX, seeks to improve overall target language competence, develop oral communication skills, develop multilingual interests an attitudes, introduce a target language. 4. Content Dimension – CONTIX , aims at providing opportunities to study content through different perspectives ; accessing subject-specific target language terminology, preparing for future studies and working life . . 5. Learning Dimension- LEARNTIX, has the goal to complement individual learning strategies; diversely methods an forms of classroom practice ; increasing learners motivation. 2] These five assumptions can be considered as the basic ingredients for effective language learning and teaching activities These assumptions are otherwise called- The official CLIL Compendium. Another theorist slightly disagrees with this opinion and puts communication as the central focus in the process of the language acquisition. Krashen and Terell meant that the problem with this method of language learning was that they were built too much around the structure of language, not about theories of acquisition. 6] According to Krashen theory – learning hypothesis is two different ways of developing skills in a second or foreign language. [6] Analysis of the CLIL theories implies that the role of a teacher in CLIL is very important . The final achievement of the student should depend on the teacher’s awareness of the goals to be reached during the course and general motivation of the students. [2] 3. BENEFITS OF CLIL According to the theoretical definitions we can assume, that CLIL, has the following benefits: 1. CLIL is a member of the curriculum club. . CLIL has a dual focus. 3. CLIL buys us time. 4. CLIL causes  good change. 5. CLIL motivates. 1. CLIL is a member of the curriculum club. According to the European Commission: â€Å"Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL),  in which pupils learn a subject through the medium of a foreign languag e † This quotation endorses CLIL as a member of the curricular club. It seems uncontroversial because we do not know to what extent or to what level pupils ‘learn a subject’ through the foreign language, and we are left unaware of any reasons for doing CLIL. . CLIL has a dual focus. According to more detailed description: â€Å"CLIL refers to situations where subjects, or parts of subjects, are taught through a foreign language with  dual-focused aims, namely the learning of content, and the simultaneous learning of a foreign language. (Marsh, D. 2002. Content and Language Integrated Learning: The European Dimension – Actions, Trends and Foresight Potential). This quote highlights some of the educational intention inherent to the CLIL paradigm. Through CLIL-type practice, subject content is learned at the same time with a foreign language. The ‘dual-focused’ objective would seem to be implying that CLIL shoots two birds at the same time. 3. CLIL buys us time. In European Commission’s quotation we encounter the following phrase: â€Å"It [CLIL] provides exposure to the language  without requiring extra time in the curriculum†. This should promote an approach with a twin set of objectives. One of these objectives is clearly educational (to learn subject content and a foreign language) and the other is administrative. Since educational and administrative needs often fight for space, this seems a good way to promote peace between them. In the European Council Resolution in 1995 is said, â€Å"†¦all EU citizens, by the time they leave compulsory schooling, should be able to speak two languages other than the mother tongue†. Curricula is attempting to achieve this aim have been getting more and more desperate in their attempts to find timetabling space. Instead of studying for example Geography in the mother tongue language, we should do it in a foreign language. Pupils learn the same subject concepts and skills, but increase contact time with the foreign language – crucial consideration in the improvement of attainment levels. [7] 4. CLIL causes  change. David Graddol wrote that CLIL is: â€Å"†¦an approach to bilingual education in which both curriculum content (such as science or geography) and English are taught together. It differs from simple English-medium education in that  the learner is not necessarily expected to have the English proficiency required to cope with the subject before beginning study†. (Graddol D. English Next, British Council Publications, 2006) Graddol suggests that a powerful element of CLIL is its role in the improvement of language skills, and that pupils do not necessarily need a particularly high level of foreign language attainment. The teachers would have to adjust their methodology to ensure that the students understood the content. They would have to think of other means (group work, tasks, etc) which would result in an increase of the skill-based focus of the learning. [7]   The educational materials (textbooks) would also have to reflect this approach. The pupils would be learning language that was more clearly focused on, and related to, the subject matter that they needed to learn. CLIL is not confined to higher-achieving students. It fits in perfectly with a mixed-ability philosophy. So we might say that the phenomenon described above is desirable in educational terms. Ensuring that students understand the content, reducing teacher-talk, increasing the focus on skills, influencing publishers to do likewise and getting students to learn language items that are always contextualized, always functionally necessary at any level of curricular discourse. [7] . CLIL motivates Another quote: â€Å"CLIL is about  using languages to learn†¦ It is about  installing a ‘hunger to learn’ in the student. It gives opportunity for him/her to think about and develop how s/he communicates in general, even in the first language†. (Marsh, Marsland Stenberg, 2001) From the first part we can see that CLIL views language a s a ‘vehicle’, not simply as an entity in itself. This is a central component of the CLIL package. David Graddol said something similar too in his book  English Next, when he talked about the world now viewing English not so much as a language but as a core skill. This is a crucial observation, and it lies at the heart of the educational and social change that has taken place since the development of the Internet and the parallel growth in globalization. As English becomes an essential add-on to any curricular program around the world, it is moving into a position where it becomes a subject that pupils learn in order to do something else. [7]   A dual-focused CLIL encapsulates perfectly this post-modern, utilitarian view of the English language. Liberal educationalists may not agree with it, but for the time being it is here to tay. In its defense, CLIL also seems to contribute to the buzz-concept of our times – namely ‘motivation’. Teachers’ forums talk about it endlessly, as do the blurbs on the back of scholastic textbooks and the opening lines of ministerial declarations. In CLIL there is a chance that they are being asked their opinions because the expression of opinions is a key competence in the syllabus con tent. [7] 4. HISTORY OF CLIL There was always a big interest in alternative methods of language instruction and understanding of foreign cultures. In ancient times it was very popular to learn another language in the languages country of origin and to familiarize with the culture at the same time. In the middle ages many people were multilingual, although it is known that (except from Latin) no language was taught systematically in the schools or in other educational institutions. Foreign languages were learned through the interaction with speakers (people from foreign countries), mostly from trade or professional interests. In the 18 th and 19th century governesses were employed by aristocratic families. The governesses used their native tongue, French language, to instruct the children. The children had acquired new language as a foreign or frequently as a second language, as they used it to learn the contents of whatever it was they were taught: history, geography, or other subjects. So the roots of CLIL lies at this ancient linguistic cultural learning . Simultaneous integrated learning of a language and a particular subject by using foreign language as the language of instruction and learning. For a considerable time now, schools exist all over the world in which all school subjects are taught not in the local language, but in one of the worlds great cultural languages. German schools abroad, French academic high schools, British boarding schools and for some time now the schools set up by international institutions for the children of their employees are modern examples of alternative methods that depart from traditional curricular instruction and make use of this underlying principle of bilingual instruction, the integration of a foreign language and school ubject matter. [8] But it is conspicuous that the schools mentioned above are almost exclusively elite schools, where the term eliteâ€Å" not only refers to the high intellectual capabilities of the students, but also to the financial options available to their parents that make it possible for them to send their children to these schools. This process of selection over a long period of time had led to this decidedl y attractive form of learning being available only to a minority of young people. Through the establishment of so-called bilingual branches in normal regular schools (academic high schools and secondary schools), especially in Germany and Austria in the second half of the 20th century, bilingual curricular instruction was made available to students from all levels of society. The language policy of the European Union (every E. U. citizen should be able to speak at least two languages of the Union in addition to his native language) has resulted in bilingual curricular instruction having gained a high level of acceptance and support in all of Europe. 8] The number of concepts referring to this didactic idea is surprisingly large. In the English-language context, concepts such as; 1. Teaching Content through a Foreign Language, 2. Dual Focused Instruction, 3. Bilingual Content Teaching, 4. Content Based Language Teaching. These terms also make it clear that the basic concept of bilingual learning is interpreted in different ways. [8] During the past decade a concept has established itself in the English- and French-speaking cultural areas that are being increasingly used to refer to this idea:   1. Content and Language Integrated Learning((English) abbreviated as CLIL) 2. Enseignement dune Matiere par lIntegration dune Language Etrangere  ((French)  abbreviated as EMILE). It is surely a welcome development that, in spite of the diversity of interpretations of this idea inherent in these concepts, a uniform term is beginning to emerge, one that allows an unbiased perspective on this approach. But this also necessitates a definition that does justice to the diversity inherent in the concepts. Such a definition was already proposed at the start of this century and presented in slightly modified form in the Eurydice Report of the European Union (Eurydice Report, 2006). It runs as follows: ? The acronym CLIL is used as a generic term to describe all types of provision in which a second language (a foreign, regional or minority language and/or another official state language) is used to teach certain subjects in the curriculum other than the language lessons themselves. (Eurydice 2006: 8) 5. CLIL’S SITUATION IN LITHUANIA In Lithuania CLIL was initiated only in 2002 by the Ministry of Education and Science. The subject’s taught in foreign languages – English, French and German-include informatics, technology, history, ethics, and geography. Other subjects including art, business and cultural studies, music, biology, economics, healthy life style, mathematics, were used rarely. Humanities and creative subjects are definitely preferred as options for CLIL projects. The integration of languages and humanities in Lithuania seems to work better. Language teachers feel more confident about teaching other subject through foreign languages than subject teachers teaching in foreign languages. The most widely used model of teaching CLIL is subject and language teachers working in teams. CLIL is viewed in a positive light. The teachers in Lithuania perceive integrated teaching as a possibility for professional growth. Teachers are also motivated by the possibility to learn methods and approaches . By far the largest advantages as seen is the expansion of knowledge , both language and subject . Integrated teaching is primarily seen as a mean of developing language skills. Studies abroad are mentioned as a second biggest advantage. Other advantages that are mentioned by Lithuanian teachers are the development of IT skills, co-operation possibilities, career opportunities, higher motivation and increased competitiveness. Some teachers also mention the use of authentic materials and authentic tasks as one of the biggest advantages of approach. [9] Recently an investigation has been done by Ruta Veteryte, Management Teacher and Vilmante Liubiniene, English/ESP Teacher, to find out the situation of CLIL in Lithuania in various education levels. The results were following: 1. Pre primary level. Nowadays it has become a fashion, to offer language classes in some kindergartens. (Especially in English language). 2. Primary level. A foreign language is being taught from 1st year only in some profiled schools. 3. Secondary level. Beginning with the secondary level all schools provides studies of foreign languages. This lasts approximately for 7 years. In some gymnasiums students study such subjects as Economics or Physics in a foreign language, but this is not a very common practice. 4. Tertiary level. All students study foreign languages at least for a year, not depending on whether they are college or university students. Some higher education institutions train language specialists; others develop general skills of students in foreign languages up the advanced level. Studies of foreign languages differ a great deal among the universities. The length of language studies usually is restricted to one academic year. During this year some universities offer the courses of general English/German/French. When students reach the required level of language skills they are allowed to continue language studies choosing some alternatives, like Business English, English for Academic Purposes and etc. Other universities right from the beginning offer specialized language studies (ESP), depending on the profile of the Faculty(English for Law, English for Economics and Management, English for Environmental Studies, etc. ). Still, there are universities, which offer a variety of subjects to be taught in foreign languages. This is a common practice in Social Sciences, Economics, Engineering, and etc. Some universities have special units like International Study Centers that organize most of the studies in a foreign language. Students have a possibility to attend the courses offered by the visiting or native professors. [10] 6. THE RESEARCH OF CLIL’S SUCCESSFULNESS IN TERTIARY LEVEL A research has been done by Doctor. Vilmante Liubiniene [? ], in Lithuania , Kaunas University of technology , in Faculty of Social Sciences in order to verify theoretical assumptions of CLIL discussed in Chapter 2. A group of first year students in tertiary level were chosen and exposed to CLIL teaching methods during course â€Å"English through Sociologyâ€Å". For comparison another group of students were included, as a control group. Observation has been done for a whole academic year and results tested in the form of survey at the end. The questionnaire was also composed by Doctor. Vilmante Liubiniene. It was composed according to the theoretical assumptions of Marsh and Krashen, plus some additional questions on language and subject skills. Respondents had to answer 28 questions. In the table below we can see the results of Doctor. Vilmantes Liubinienes investigation. [2] Table 6. 1 Results of Investigation | |CLIL* |RS** | |1 |Built intercultural knowledge and understanding |3,94 |2,63 | |2 |Develop intercultural communication skills |3,73 |3,09 | |3 |Learn about specific neighboring countries/regions and minority of groups |3,89 |2,41 | |4 |Introduce the wider cultural context |4,05 |3,16 | |5 |Prepare for internationalism, specifically EU-integration |2,94 |3,08 | |6 |Improve overall English language competence |3,89 |3,41 | |7 |De velop oral communication skills |4,05 |3,66 | |8 |Develop multilingualism interest and attitudes |3,36 |2,83 | |9 |Improved the skills of listening comprehension |3,78 |2,58 | |10 |Provide opportunities to study content through different perspectives |3,63 |3,16 | |11 |Access subject-specific English language terminology |3,68 |3,33 | |12 |Prepare for future studies and/or working life |3,89 |3,25 | |13 |Complement individual learning strategies |3,68 |3,0 | |14 |Diversify methods and forms of classroom practice |4,0 2,91 | |15 |Increase learner motivation |3,73 |2,58 | |16 |Have â€Å"naturally† developed the knowledge of a second language |4,15 |3,41 | |17 |Develop the skills of reading |4,21 |3,5 | |18 |Have understood what is meant â€Å"sociology† |4,63 |3,58 | |19 |Develop academic writing skills |3,57 |3,08 | |20 |Acquired the skills of presentation |4,26 |3,08 | |21 |Have understood texts in the target language |4,31 |3,25 | |22 |Feel fluent in English |3,89 |3,16 | |23 |Have learnt grammas rules |2,84 |2,58 | |24 |Develop ability to answer spontaneously to the questions |3,76 |2,83 | |25 |Understand the content with the help of context or extra-linguistic information |3,94 |2,5 | |26 |Have acquired self-confidence |3,66 |3,16 | |27 |Have enjoyed studying the content |4,1 |3,25 | |28 |Had a relaxed classroom atmosphere |4,57 |3,58 | *-students working according to the CLIL methodology **- regular students Results were based on self-evaluation questionnaire (ranging from-1the least till 5- the most)indicates that CLIL students have become more proficient and have achieved better results as compared to the other students learning a foreign language. These findings gave proof to Krashen’s hypothesis and Marsh four dimension hypotheses. According to the results in Table 6. 1 it is obvious that CLIL students are more proficient than regular students, and CLIL has a positive impact on a versatile education. CLIL students in this investigation, have clearly improved overall foreign language competence and increased learner’s motivation. 7. PERSPECTIVES OF CLIL According to the investigation in Chapter 5 and research in Chapter 6, that were held in Lithuania, we can assume, various findings. In the investigation described in Chapter 5, we can clearly see that in Lithuania, there are no CLIL until secondary level of education. In the secondary level of education CLIL is a very rear practice, and as a rule it is held in English language only. Meanwhile foreign languages are being taught at least for seven years, and sometimes since pre-primary level. Situation remarkably changes in tertiary level, where CLIL is applied in three languages. Lithuanian colleges and universities offer, not only subject learning, but even whole studies according to the CLIL program. In research, shown in Chapter 6, shows up a clear view, that CLIL in tertiary level, in this case university is absolutely successful. And it satisfies most of the European Union’s theoretical assumptions. It means that science teaching in universities, based on CLIL program is very successful, useful and perspective. But according to the European Council Resolution in 1995: â€Å"†¦all EU citizens, by the time they leave compulsory schooling, should be able to speak two languages other than the mother tongue†. It means, that CLIL program should be applied in Secondary level of education (alongside with tertiary). Keeping in mind that compulsory schooling in Lithuania is tenth grade , indicates that CLIL should be practiced in earlier classes , not in the graduate ones. In my opinion applying CLIL in secondary schools more often and much earlier would cause more problems, to the teachers, and rarely to the pupils. Teachers on the other hand might face the following obstacles: 1. Opposition to language teaching by subject teachers may come from language teachers themselves. Subject teachers may be unwilling to take on the responsibility. 2. Most current CLIL programs are experimental. There are few sound research-based empirical studies, while CLIL-type bilingual programs are mainly seen to be marketable products in the private sector. 3. CLIL is based on language acquisition, but in monolingual situations, a good deal of conscious learning is involved, demanding skills from the subject teacher. 4. The lack of CLIL teacher-training programs suggests that the majority of teachers working on bilingual programs may be ill-equipped to do the job adequately. 5. There is little evidence to suggest that understanding of content is not reduced by lack of language competence. Current opinion seems to be that language ability can only be increased by content-based learning after a certain stage. 6. Some aspects of CLIL are unnatural; such as the appreciation of the literature and culture of the learners own country through a second language. [11] Putting an effort, by both teachers and pupils, would result in very successful, proficient and perspective science teaching. CONCLUSION Teaching foreign language through content of subject is a useful educational strategy in multilingual education. The emphasis on content and on communication initiates teaching and learning process. During the investigation of CLIL situation in Lithuania, I found out that in the secondary level of education, CLIL is a very rear practice and as a rule it is held in English language only. Meanwhile in tertiary level, CLIL is applied in three languages. In Lithuanian colleges and universities there are not only subject learning, but whole studies are based on CLIL program. According to the research, science teaching in universities, based on CLIL program, is very successful, useful and perspective. Pupils will graduate school by being more proficient and knowing more than one foreign language, if the CLIL program would be implemented to lower secondary education classes and expanded widely between Lithuanian schools, And this would lead us to the conclusion, that CLIL has huge perspectives in science and foreign language teaching and learning. LITERATURE 1. http://ec. europa. eu/education/languages/language-teaching/doc236_en. htm 2. Global Cooperation in Engineering Education. Proceedings of International conference. Kaunas University of Tehcnology. 2008 3. http://www. clilconsortium. jyu. fi/ 4. Marsh, D; Wolff, D. (eds) Diverse Contexts Converging Goals. CLIL in Europe (2007) 5. Marsh, D. and Maljers, A, and Hartiala , A-K. Profiling European CLIL Classrooms , Languages open doors (2001), www. clilcompencium. com 6. Krashen, S. and Terrell, T. D. The Natural Approach. Oxford: Pergamon (1988). 7. http://www. onestopclil. com/section. asp? theme=magcatid=238docid=453 8. http://www. goethe. de/ges/spa/dos/ifs/en2747558. htm 9. Andriuliene, L; Kelly , K,; Krikstaponis,A. ; Vilkanciene, L. (red. ) Integruotas dalyko ir uzsienio kalbos mokymas. Vilnius,SMM, Svietimo aprupinimo centras (2006) 10. http://www. factworld. info/lithuania/ 11. http://www. teachingenglish. org. uk/think/articles/content-language-integrated-learning[pic]

Five Reasons Why Blogging Leads to Writing Jobs

Five Reasons Why Blogging Leads to Writing Jobs Five Reasons Why Blogging Leads to Writing Jobs Five Reasons Why Blogging Leads to Writing Jobs By Ali Hale Daily Writing Tips has already covered Five reasons why blogging improves your writing. But once you’ve polished up your skills, and grown used to writing frequently and receiving feedback, blogging can also help you get paid for your writing. 1. It’s a free (or very cheap) way to self-publish your writing Posting your writing on a blog is a form of self-publishing, even if you don’t think of it that way. After all, blogging software uses a Publish button to submit a post, and if you run Google Adsense on your blog, Google refers to you as a Publisher. In the past, to get published you either persuaded an editor to print your work, or you paid to have the piece printed yourself. Blogging allows you to self-publish for free (or at the small cost of hosting and an internet connection). If your blog becomes popular, you could run advertisements to make some money or invite sponsorship from companies – glance over to the right to see some of Daily Writing Tips’s sponsors. 2. Blogging helps you build up a portfolio of pieces One of the hardest things about getting started as a freelance writer is getting together a portfolio of your writing to show potential clients. Having a blog allows you to build up a sample of published pieces that you can use to show your writing prowess. If you’re intending to use blogging to start your portfolio, why not write guest posts for other blogs? For example, I have Daily Writing Tips, Diet Blog, Freelance Switch, The Change Blog, Dumb Little Man and Pick the Brain on my list of sites I’ve written for. Editors may take you more seriously if they can see that other people think your writing is good enough to publish. 3. You get to write about topics that you love – and build your expertise and credentials Much has been said about the need to have a blog on a niche topic – one topic that you write regularly about, rather than trying to include everything that you’re interested in. This makes it much easier to build up an interested readership, but it also helps to build your knowledge about the topic. If you’re reading other blogs and books on your subject and writing original material several times a week, you’ll almost certainly be learning something new. Having a well-established blog on a particular topic is a great way to demonstrate your expertise. For example, if you want to write movie reviews for a newspaper, pointing to your long-running blog with a weekly round-up of the latest releases could be a great way to prove that you’re up to the job. 4. A popular blog could lead to a book deal In the offline world, the sale of â€Å"blooks† is rising – books based on blogs. Several bloggers who I read have signed book deals: Darren Rowse from Problogger, Shauna Reid from The Amazing Adventures of Diet Girl and Jennette Fulda (aka PastaQueen) from Half of Me. And, of course, there are some very famous examples such as Belle de Jour’s The Intimate Adventures of a London Call Girl. If your blog becomes big, it just might catch the attention of an agent. And even if the agents aren’t phoning you just yet, a blog could help you sell your own book. Elizabeth Soutter Schwarzer (‘Liz’ or ‘DaMomma’) from Motherhood is Not for Wimps has self-published one book and has another on the way. Collis and Cyan Ta’eed from Freelance Switch self-published How to be a Rockstar Freelancer (in both ebook and printed formats) and have another book on the way, How to be a Rockstar WordPresser. Many other bloggers offer excellent free articles on their blog but also sell ebooks which go into more depth on the same topics. 5. If you’re a freelancer, a blog is a great marketing tool Well-known bloggers who publish authoritative and well-written posts can use their blog as a mean of marketing themselves. Skellie does this brilliantly on Skelliewag, with a â€Å"Hire me† page and advertisments on the right hand side for her own services. Harry and James from Men with Pens have â€Å"Guns for Hire† which explains the writing and design services which they offer. Make sure your blog tells potential clients how they can get in touch. If someone loves your blog’s style and content, they might well want to hire you. Also, blogs tend to rank well in search engines (due to the amount of content, and because other blogs often want to link to your posts), so you’ll have greater visibility online. If you have a blog, has it helped you – directly or indirectly – to make money from your writing? If you’re not blogging yet, do you have ideas of how you’d like to use a blog? Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Royal Order of Adjectives 7 Tips for Writing a Film ReviewEmpathic or Empathetic?

Air legislation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Air legislation - Assignment Example Moreover, the information indicates whether it is right to operate the aircraft within the recommended safety conditions. The other purpose of the information is whether the aircraft meets the recommended operating rules. The chief-inspections officer in the aviation industry is entitled to certify the technical log. All the data in the technical log is recorded in two pages of a form. The front part of the paper is the original one while the other part is made a carbon copy onto the black sheet. In most cases, the front pert of the technical log comprises of there identical sections. These sections, which are â€Å"tear-off†, are used to record the maintenance performed on the particular aircraft. An authorized official employed by an aircraft industry makes the recordings of all the maintenance performed. Moreover, the official is entitled to record the release-to-service. The top page or sheet of the technical log is usually removed. The sheet is forwarded to the administration where it is kept in the aircraft logbooks. The other part, which is the carbon copy imprinted on the original paper is kept of the technical log folder. This part helps in informing the flight crew about the aircraft maintenance status relating to the aircraft. The operators of the aircraft are normally the ones who create the maintenance schedule. The main purpose of the maintenance schedule is that it allows pilots to understand the condition of the aircraft prior to flight. The review board of the organization is that one entitled to make approval on the maintenance schedule. Moreover, it is recommended that a member of the aviation administration to be present while making the approval of maintenance schedule. Various types of maintenance checks are employed on the maintenance schedule. In most cases, the maintenance schedule comprises of four checks. The first